Yangın ve Güvenlik Dergisi 163. Sayı (Kasım-Aralık 2013)
YANGIN ve GÜVENL ø K SAYI 163 6 Abstracts Özetler Basic Means of Escape from Fire 80 What is a Fire Exit? The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (RRFSO) 2005, which came into force in October 2006, charges the responsible person(s) in control of non-domestic premises with the safety of everyone, whether employed in or visiting the building. Under Article 14 of the RRFSO, this duty of care includes ensuring that “routes to emergency exits from premises and the exits themselves are kept clear at all times” (14: 1) and that these “emergency routes and exits must lead as directly as possible to a place of safety” (14: 2: a). In other words, the entire escape route up to and including the final exit from a building must remain unobstructed at all times, while the distance people have to go to escape (the travel distance) must be as short as possible. In terms of fire safety, the final exits on an escape route in a public building are known as fire exits. They may or may not be located on the usual route of traffic when the premises are operating under normal circumstances. The final exit doors should open easily, immediately and, wherever practicable, “in the direction of escape”, i.e. outwards into a place of safety outside the building. Sliding or revolving doors must not be used for exits specifically intended as fire exits. The emergency routes and fire exits must be well lit and indicated by appropriate signs, e.g. ‘Fire Exit – Keep Clear’. In locations that require illumination, emergency lighting of adequate intensity must be provided in case the normal lighting fails, and illuminated signs used. This is because, as noted in the HM Government publication “Fire Safety Risk Assessment: Offices and Shops” (May 2006): “The primary purpose of emergency escape lighting is to illuminate escape routes but it also illuminates other safety equipment”. An Overview of Approaches and Resources for Building Fire Risk Assessment 83 Everyone knows that fires happen. In 2011, there were 1,389,500 fires reported in the United States alone.1 These fires caused 3,005 civilian deaths, 17,500 civilian injuries and $11.7 billion in property damage. Structure fires accounted for only 35% of these fires (484,500), but they resulted in 84% of the civilian deaths (2,640), 79% of the civilian injuries (15,635) and 83%of the property damage ($9.7 billion). While amajority of the losses were in domestic settings, 17 of the 22 large life-loss fires reported in 2011 occurred in non-residential structures, resulting in a total property loss of $293.9 million.2 Large life-loss fires occur, such as The Station nightclub fire in 2003. It seems that a day does not go by where such a large life-loss or financial-loss structure fire does not occur. The challenge that all fire protection engineers face is that nobody knows exactly when or where a fire will occur, under what conditions, and who will be at risk. In part, this is because one cannot predict the future. However, it is also because building and fire regulations are used to manage the risk. The building and fire regulatory system is complex and comprehensive, which for most buildings results in a generally tolerable level of fire performance. It also means that unknown or unacceptable life safety or financial loss concerns might exist in any given building, particularly if there are attributes of the building, its occupants, processes or mission, which are not specifically addressed by applicable codes and standards. One way to determine whether such a potential exists is by undertaking a fire risk assessment of the building or facility. Fire Risk Assessment The general aim of fire risk assessment (FRA) is to identify and characterize the fire risks of concern and provide information for fire risk management decisions. The intent is to answer three basic questions: what can happen (what can go wrong), how likely is it that it will happen, and if it does happen, what are the consequences?3 FRA is distinguished from fire hazard analysis (FHA) and consequence analysis by the inclusion of an estimate of likelihood of occurrence, in addition to assessment of those factors that could lead to a fire and the impact should a fire occur. Yang × n Tahliye Yollar × 80 Yang × n Ç × k × ü × nedir? Ekim 2006’de geçerlilik kazanm × ü olan Hukuk Reformu (Yang × n Güvenli ù i) Düzenlemesi (RRFSO) 2005, ev-d × ü × tesislerin kontrolünden sorumlu ki ü i ya da ki ü ileri, binada çal × ü an ya da binay × ziyaret eden herkesin güvenli ù inden sorumlu ilan etmi ü tir. RRFSO’nun 14. Maddesi uyar × nca bu görev ‘tesislerden acil ç × k × ü kap × lar × na olan güzergahlar × n ve ç × k × ü lar × n kendilerinin her zaman aç × k b × rak × lmas × n × ’ sa ù lamay × (14:1) ve ‘bu acil ç × k × ü güzergahlar × ve ç × k × ü lar × n mümkün oldu ù unca direkt ü ekilde güvenli bir alana aç × lmas × n × sa ù lamay × (14:2:a) da içermektedir. Di ù er bir deyi ü le, bir binadan olan son ç × k × ü a kadar olan güzergah ve ç × k × ü × n kendisinin her zaman için aç × k ve engelsiz olmas × ve de insanlar × n ç × k × ü a gitmek için kat edecekleri mesafenin (seyahat mesafesi) mümkün oldu ù unca k × sa olmas × gereklidir. Yang × n güvenli ù i anlam × nda, kamuya aç × k bir binadaki tahliye yolu üzerinde bulunan son ç × k × ü lar yang × n ç × k × ü lar × olarak bilinirler. Bunlar, tesislerin normal ko ü ullarda faal oldu ù u durumlarda normal trafik güzergah × üzerinde olabilir ya da olmayabilir. Son ç × k × ü kap × lar × n × n kolayca ve an × nda ve de uygun olan yerlerde ‘kaç × ü yönüne do ù ru’ yani bina d × ü × nda güvenli bir alana do ù ru aç × labilmesi gereklidir. Yang × n ç × k × ü × olarak kullan × lacak ç × k × ü lar için kayan ya da döner kap × lar × n kullan × lmamas × gerekir. Acil durum güzergahlar × ve yang × n ç × k × ü lar × n × n iyi × ü × kland × r × lmas × ve örne ù in ‘Yang × n Ç × k × ü × -Bloke etmeyin’ ü eklinde uygun tabelalar ile gösterilmesi gereklidir. I ü × kland × rma gerektiren noktalarda, normal × ü × kland × rman × n bozulmas × durumunda devreye girecek olan acil durum × ü × kland × rma sistemlerinin mevcut olmas × ve × ü × kl × tabelalar × n kullan × lmas × gereklidir. Bunun sebebi, Hm Devlet Yay × n × olan ‘Yang × n Güvenlik Riskleri Tetkiki: ofisler ve ma ù azalar (May × s 2006)’da belirtilen ü ekilde ‘acil durum × ü × kland × rma sisteminin amac × tahliye yollar × n × × ü × kland × rmak ama ayn × zamanda di ù er güvenlik ekipmanlar × n × da × ü × kland × rmakt × r.’ Yang × n Riski Tetkik Sistemi 83 Yang × nlar × n olaca ù × n × hepimiz biliyoruz. 2011 y × l × nda sadece ABD’de 1.389.500 yang × n vakas × raporlanm × ü t × r. Bu yang × nlarda 3,005 sivil hayat × n × kaybetmi ü , 17,500 sivil yaralanm × ü ve 11.7 milyar dolar maddi hasar meydana gelmi ü tir. Yap × yang × nlar × bu yang × nlar × n %35’ine denk gelmektedir (484,500) ancak sivil ya ü am kay × plar × n × n %84’üne (2,640), sivil yaralanmalar × n × n %79’una (15,635) ve maddi kayb × n %83’üne (9.7 milyar dolar) sebep olmu ü lard × r. Kay × plar × n büyük k × sm × ev ortam × nda olmakla birlikte, 2011 y × l × nda raporlanan ve ya ü am kayb × na sebep olan 22 büyük yang × ndan 17 tanesi ev ortamlar × nda meydana gelmemi ü ve toplam 293.9 milyar dolarl × k mal kayb × na yol açm × ü lard × r. Çok fazla can kayb × n × n meydana geldi ù i yang × nlar da meydana gelmektedir. Örne ù in 2003 y × l × nda The Station gece kulübündeki yang × n gibi. Görünen odur ki büyük ya ü am veya mal kayb × n × n meydana gelmedi ù i bir gün geçmemektedir.Günümüzde bütün yang × ndan korunmamühendislerinin kar ü × kar ü × ya olduklar × en önemli zorluk bir yang × n × n ne zaman ve nerede ç × kaca ù × n × kimsenin bilmiyor olmas × d × r. K × smen bunun sebebi, kimsenin gelece ù i öngörememesidir.Ancak bir di ù er sebebi de bina ve yang × n düzenlemelerinin riski yönetmek için kullan × l × yorolmalar × d × r. Bina ve yang × n mevzuatlar × karma ü × k ve kapsaml × d × r ve bu da pek çok bina için genel olarak tolare edilebilir bir yang × n performans × seviyesi sunmaktad × r. Bu ayn × zamanda herhangi bir binada, özellikle ilgili kanun ya da mevzuatlar × n çözümgetirmemi ü oldu ù u bina, malik ya da süreç veyamisyon özellikleri var ise, bilinmeyen ya da öngörülemeyen ya ü amgüvenli ù i veyamal kayb × problemlerinin olabilece ù i anlam × na gelmektedir. Bu tür bir potansiyelin mevcut olup olmad × ù × n × belirlemenin bir yolu bina ya da tesise yönelik bir yang × n risk tetkiki gerçekle ü tirmektir. Yang × n Risk Tetkiki Yang × n risk tetkiki (YRT)’nin genel amac × olas × yang × n risklerini tespit edip özelliklerini belirlemek ve yang × n risk yönetimi kararlar × na yönelik bilgi sa ù lamakt × r. Burada amaç üç temel soruya cevap sunmakt × r: ne olabilir (ne yanl × ü gidebilir),olma olas × l × ù × nedir, ve olursa sonuçlar ne olacakt × r? Yang × n risk tetkiki (YRT), yang × na sebep olabilecek tetkiklerin belirlenmesi ve ol meydana gelme olas × l × ù × n × dahil etmesi anlam × nda yang × n tehlike analizinden (YTA) ve sonuç analizinden farkl × d × r.
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